Effect Of Client Choice Therapist Health And Social Care Essay

It is estimated that 11 % of consumers of outpatient mental wellness services and 19 % of inpatient mental wellness consumers meet standards for Borderline Personality Disorder ( BPD ) , and of persons run intoing clinical standards for a personality upset, 33 % of outpatient and 66 % of inpatient persons appear to run into standards for the Borderline status ( Linehan, 1993a ) . The Borderline status is characterized by â€Å" a permeant form of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early maturity and nowadays in a assortment of contexts † ( American Psychological Association, 1994. P. 280 ) . To to the full run into standards for BPD, an single must expose this form in at least five of nine countries. One of the standards for diagnosing of the Borderline status is perennial self-destructive behaviour, gestures or menaces or self-mutilating behaviours and there is a reasonably big subgroup of persons with BPD who engage in these parasuicidal behaviours. Marsha Linehan developed Dialectical Behavior Therapy ( DBT ) in an attempt to assist these persons learn to modulate their emotions and cut down suicidal and parasuicidal behaviours. Dialectic Behavior Therapy is an evidence-based pattern that has been used efficaciously to handle persons with BPD and is deriving popularity in the psychiatric community. DBT intervention is comprised of both single therapy and hebdomadal accomplishments groups ( Scheel, 2000 ; Linehan, 1993a ) . DBT is focused on the thought that many of the troubles faced by persons with BPD root from an person ‘s inability to efficaciously modulate their emotions. Linehan ‘s biosocial theory provinces that persons with the Borderline status had early experiences with societal environments that were annuling which hampered their ability to efficaciously pull off and cover with feelings of intense emotions ( Linehan, 1993a ; Scheel, 2001 ; Crowell, Beauchaine, & A ; Linehan, 2009 ) . DBT pulls from many different schools of thought including client-centered, psychodynamic, and gestalt and besides mixes in constructs from Eastern and Zen doctrines. At its nucleus is the dialectic of cre dence and alteration and happening a balance between the two is the ultimate end to reconstructing map. In traditional DBT intervention the relationship between the healer and the client is a larger focal point than what would be traditionally found in other cognitive behavioural therapies ( Scheel, 2001 ) . DBT intervention consists of hebdomadal groups accomplishments developing in faculties such as heedfulness, interpersonal effectivity, emotion ordinance and hurt tolerance, hebdomadal person therapy with a DBT trained healer, and telephone conversations between the client and healer as needed ( McKay, Wood, & A ; Brantley, 2007 ; Sheel, 2001 ) . Individual DBT therapy Sessionss address three prioritized intervention marks: self-destructive behaviours, therapy interfering behaviours and increasing accomplishment development ( Shell, 2001 ) . In add-on to the supports available to clients, there is a hebdomadal audience meeting for healers supplying DBT intervention. The intent of this group is to supply healers supplying DBT intervention a topographic point to portion experiences, solicit feedback from their equal group and serve as a manner to assist the healer maintain the non-judgmental attack that is required of DBT intervention ( Scheel, 2001 ) . While research has shown DBT to be effectual in cut downing the parasuicidal behaviours of clients with BPD, the thought that a client will hold to go forth their pre-established relationship with a current intervention squad in order to come in into intervention with a DBT trained healer may ensue in people non come ining into this intervention. St. Luke ‘s House, Inc. a public mental wellness bureau in Montgomery County Maryland, operates a residential group place for adult females with BPD. This place utilizes DBT therapy in both the residential and the outpatient mental wellness scene. A ground frequently cited by consumers for non come ining into this plan is the involuntariness to go forth their current intervention squad. This research proposal will analyze the effects on intervention efficaciousness of DBT intervention when clients are allowed to keep a curative relationship with a non-DBT trained intervention squad while take parting in hebdomadal DBT accomplishments g roup. Literature Review A reappraisal of the bing literature of client pick in intervention and Dialectical Behavior Therapy revealed some important findings every bit good as some spreads in bing research. Client Choice In finishing a hunt utilizing several databases including PSYCHINFO, EBSCO, Psychology and Behavior and ERIC there were really few published surveies that examined the function client pick played in intervention effectivity and results. Of the consequences returned, the most recent published survey was in 1988 analyzing the principle and deductions of client pick of healers. Interestingly the research demonstrates clearly that leting clients to take their preferable method of therapy and preferable healer neither addition or diminish intervention efficaciousness, showing that at its worst, client pick would ensue in every bit effectual intervention results ( Ersner-Hershfield, Abramowitz, & A ; Baren, 1979 ; Manthei, 1983: Manthei, 1988 ; Manthei, Vitalo, & A ; Ivey, 1982 ) . Additionally, Ersner-Hershfield et Al. demonstrated that a higher per centum ( 71 % ) of persons who were allowed to take their healer really showed up for their first assignment compared to persons who were ass igned ( 45 % ) . Studies into the function of fiting clients with their preferable therapy mode in therapy have besides pointed to a defect in the system in that frequently the matching is done by the clinic and non the client ( Manthi et al. ) . Manthei et Al. investigated the effects of client pick of healer on therapy results by comparing results between a group of clients who chose their healer and two other groups of clients who were assigned healers by a clinical manager. The survey did non give consequences that demonstrated better results for persons who chose their healer, but the informations did non demo statistically important poorer results for this group, bespeaking that leting a client to take their healer would non in itself pose a hazard to intervention effectivity. While there is small informations to demo that intervention results are increased with client pick of healer or therapy, the information does show that clients who play at least a little function in taki ng their healer or therapy, have more positive feelings about their healers, stay in therapy thirster and were by and large more satisfied with therapy ( Manthei, 1988 ) . There have been suggestions to supply clients with information about available options and allow them take which they would wish to take part in ( Manthei, 1988 ) . The function of consumer pick in intervention is consistent with grounds based best patterns and current Social Work values focused on liberty and farther research in this country is indispensable. DBT Therapy Since its origin Dialectical Behavior Therapy intervention has been deriving widespread attending as an grounds based best pattern in the intervention of self-destruction efforts and self-injurious behaviours among persons diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. DBT was developed in response to the trouble handling chronic sociality and self-injurious behaviours in adult females with BPD in traditional intervention scenes. It was designed to be an outpatient intervention comprised of four major constituents: 1 ) single psychotherapeutics hebdomadally 2 ) group skills developing hebdomadally 3 ) telephone audience with the healer as needed and 4 ) hebdomadal audience squad meetings for the healers and accomplishments group leaders ( Linehan, et al. , 2006 ; Soler, et al. , 2009 ; Chen, Matthews, Allen, Kuo, J. R. ; Linehan, M. M. , 2007 ) . Of the four surveies reviewed, three demonstrated important decrease in self-injurious behaviours and self-destruction efforts ( Bohus, et al. , 2004 ; & A ; Linehan, et al. , 2006 ) among other cardinal standards of BPD. Carter, Willcox, Lewin, Conrad, and Bendit ( 2010 ) note several grounds they were likely unable to retroflex old findings including deficiency of equal preparation in DBT methods, low attachment to DBT techniques and methodological differences in measuring. Additionally, Carter et Al. identified a shorter continuance ( 6 months vs. 12 months ) of intervention as a possible factor though Bohus et Al. demonstrated effectivity in three months of inpatient intervention. Overwhelmingly the research points to the effectivity of the DBT theoretical account in cut downing suicide efforts and self-injurious behaviours among persons diagnosed with BPD. There have been limited randomised surveies to analyze the effectivity of inmate DBT compared to the traditional outpatient DBT theoretical account and farther research is needed in this country, including follow-up with patients who received inpatient DBT and non-DBT outpatient intervention following discharge. Adaptations With the documented success of DBT intervention with persons diagnosed with BPD, human service suppliers of course sought to spread out the application to other diagnostic groups and populations and experienced varied consequence. DBT intervention has been expanded and modified for the intervention of binge-eating upsets and binge-eating syndrome nervosa ( Chen, et al. , 2008 ; Safer, Robinson, & A ; Jo, 2010 ) , victims of domestic maltreatment ( Iverson, Shenk, & A ; Fruzzetti, 2009 ) , aggression in correctional scenes ( Shelton, Sampl, Kesten, Zhang, Trestman, 2009 ) , adolescent populations ( Wasser, Tyler, McIlhaney, Taplin, Henderson, 2008 ) , post traumatic emphasis upset ( Wagner, Rizvi, & A ; Harned, 2007 ) , and opprobrious behaviour ( Waltz, 2003 ) to call a few. Adaptations of DBT to these populations have non examined the function of client pick of healer in intervention and all modified intervention while keeping the doctrine of DBT single therapy. The surveies replica ted old findings in that mark behaviours were significantly reduced utilizing the DBT theoretical account which included accomplishments group weekly in add-on to single therapy. Across the board the literature pointed to significantly lower drop-out rates among the groups having some signifier of DBT intervention. While traditional DBT intervention stopping points for 12 months, Chen et Al. ( 2008 ) limited the intervention continuance to 6 months but were able to show effectivity during that clip period. Other versions to the traditional theoretical account of DBT intervention include the usage of group merely over the class of 12 hebdomads ( Iverson et al. , 2009 ) with no single therapy, and the comparing of DBT accomplishments preparation and standard group therapy ( Soler, et al. , 2009 ) which is important to this research proposal because it demonstrates the effectivity of implementing DBT in a group scene. Shelton et Al. ( 2009 ) found that 16-weeks of DBT intervention significantly reduced aggression in correctional scenes instantly following intervention and at 6 and 12 month follow-ups. Although traditional DBT intervention has been focused on grownups chiefly due to the standards of BPD necessitating an person to be of big age, some versions have been made to implement this intervention with striplings with some success ( Wasser, et al. , 2008 ) . Wasser et Al. compared the usage of DBT intervention to standard curative surroundings in a residential scene. While the consequences were non every bit important as in other surveies, DBT was found to be more effectual at handling depressive symptoms in the young person. These surveies all point to successful versions of the traditional DBT theoretical account. Critique and Future Research The literature reviewed demonstrated that DBT, even in an altered signifier is an effectual intervention attack for cut downing parasuicidal behaviours in persons with BPD, every bit good as turn toing mark behaviours in other populations. There is farther research needed in the country of client pick in therapy effectivity and results. While some versions have been made to the mark population of DBT intervention, small attending has been paid to the function of client pick of healer in DBT intervention. This research proposal hypothesizes that utilizing a non-DBT trained healer will be every bit as effectual in cut downing suicide efforts and self-injurious behaviours as utilizing a DBT trained healer when combined with hebdomadal DBT accomplishments group. Further surveies into the effectivity of client pick in healer are needed and merely more controlled experiments will increase the organic structure of cognition in an attempt to do DBT intervention more widely accepted and available to persons enduring with dysregulated emotions and sing parasuicidal behaviours. Methods Research Design This research proposal will utilize a authoritative experiment design and will use the Suicide Attempt and Self-Injury Interview ( SASII ) to the control and experimental groups as a pre- and post-test step of self-destruction efforts and self-injurious behaviours. The hypothesis of this research proposal will be tested by comparing the post-tests between the experimental and control groups at the terminal of the survey. The survey will be conducted at both the Bethesda and Silver Spring outpatient mental wellness clinics of St. Luke ‘s House, Inc. in Montgomery County, Maryland. In this survey the control group will have traditional DBT intervention including single therapy by a DBT trained healer, and the experimental group will go on therapy with the intervention squad they have a preexistent relationship with. Both groups will have hebdomadal DBT accomplishments group and no group will hold single therapy Sessionss terminated as portion of this survey. Assignment to the control and experimental group will be done utilizing random assignment and barricading to guarantee that the groups are every bit indistinguishable as possible. Participant blocks will be determined by tonss on the SASII and separated by high and low tonss so that there is an every bit equal as possible representation of scope in parasuicidal behaviours in both groups. Participants in each block will be indiscriminately assigned to the control and experimental groups. Following the assignment into control and experimental groups, the survey participants will so be indiscriminately assigned to one of four accomplishments groups sing that the control and experimental groups are every bit consistent as possible. Because this research proposal uses a authoritative experimental design, menaces to internal cogency will be minimized and should non show a job with generalising the findings ( Montte, Sullivan, & A ; DeJong, 2008 ) . The survey will dwell of field experiments, as the intervention will be conducted in traditional curative scenes and group skill developing groups will take topographic point at the clinics so hazards to external cogency that might originate from the experimental scene will be addressed. There is some hazard of reactive effects of proving due to the pre-test at the beginning of the survey and in an attempt to turn to the hazard of an unrepresentative sample, barricading and tracking abrasion Numberss for both groups will be completed. Ultimately external cogency could be solidified through reproduction of the survey over clip and with different populations ( Monette et al. , 2008 ) . Sampling The proposed research survey will utilize 50 survey participants each of whom will be consumers of mental wellness services in Montgomery County, Maryland. One half of the participants ( n=25 ) will be assigned to the control group and one half will be assigned to the experimental group. Persons who meet study standards described below will be recruited from community mental wellness centres in Montgomery County Maryland and referred to the survey by a accredited mental wellness professional. As portion of the enlisting scheme, persons will be informed of the constituents of DBT intervention and accomplishments groups and will be informed of the nature of the research survey. Persons will be given information sing referral to the survey to supply their single healer if they are interested in take parting in the survey. Persons will be assured of namelessness, be provided with transcripts of the HIPPA processs and informed that engagement is voluntary. Persons will be informed that wh ile assignment to the control and experimental groups will be done by random assignment, all participants will have DBT accomplishments developing groups hebdomadally. Study participants will have no compensation for take parting in the survey other than the services provided and will be informed that they can drop out of the survey at any clip for any ground. Persons between the ages of 18-35 who meet DSMIV-TR standards for Borderline Personality Disorder and have a history of at least 2 suicide efforts within the last 5 old ages and a history of at least 3 or more inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations per twelvemonth will be considered for the survey. Exclusion standards for this survey include mandated intervention, co-existing idea upset, substance maltreatment upset, mental deceleration or any ictus upset necessitating medicine or ongoing monitoring. The exclusion standards are of import in this survey to guarantee the voluntary engagement of persons in the survey and to protect against the immaterial variables that might be related to medicine for ictus upset such as Depakote, which has besides been used as a temper stabilizer and has the possible to skew the consequences of the experiment. The research squad will utilize instance histories, written referrals from accredited clinicians, medical records and history, and a condemnable background cheque to verify eligibility for the survey. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence will be used to govern out mental deceleration. Study Procedure The intent of this survey is to prove the effectivity of DBT accomplishments group as a auxiliary intervention mode to non-DBT single therapy. Traditional DBT intervention requires persons to suspend bing relationships with healers and head-shrinkers who are non trained in DBT intervention. This research survey proposes to analyze the consequence on intervention effectivity of leting consumers to keep relationships with a intervention squad that is non trained in DBT. Prior to the survey, two clinicians from St. Luke ‘s House will be selected and become certified to present DBT therapy. Prerequisites for enfranchisement as a DBT healer include a professional grade, province licence or tantamount and preparation in DBT as outlined in Appendix A. Additionally the enfranchisement procedure consists of a written and unwritten test to measure the appliers apprehension of the DBT doctrine and constituents and to verify the person ‘s ability to efficaciously supply the intervent ion ( DBT Certification and Accreditation, 2009 ) . In add-on to the two DBT certified healers, four staff members will be trained in facilitation the DBT accomplishments groups. Due to the strength of the accomplishments groups, the size of each group will be limited to a upper limit of 13 participants in each group and participants will be indiscriminately assigned to a accomplishments group from the control and experimental groups. These four facilitators will supply the hebdomadal accomplishments developing groups for all survey participants. Groups will be held at a set clip each hebdomad for 12 months and engagement will be compulsory. Participants who fail to go to at least 75 % of the accomplishments groups will be excluded from the research information as the effectivity of accomplishments group will non be able to be measured due to miss of engagement. Prior to entry into the survey, participants will be administered the SASII by their single healer. Instruction manuals for administrating and hiting the SASII will be provided to each healer prior to the execution of the survey. As participants either leave the accomplishments groups due to attrition or finish the rhythm of modes, the SASII will be administered once more and consequences will be compared to the tonss at admittance. The figure of accomplishments groups attended will be reported on the post-tests as good particularly in instances of abrasion so that the research workers can measure whether abrasion rates for either of the groups could hold an consequence on the consequences ( Monette, et al. , 2008 ) . Study Variables and Measurements The independent variable in this research proposal is the type of therapy the single receives. This variable will be measured nominally as either DBT trained healer ( command group ) or non-DBT trained healer ( experimental group ) . Each group will have one hr of single therapy and 2 hours of group accomplishments developing hebdomadally. Each of the accomplishments groups will follow the theoretical account outlined by Linehan ( 1993b ) and use the same accomplishments manual, prep and schoolroom assignments. The dependant variable in this survey is the effectivity of non-DBT trained healers combined with hebdomadal accomplishments group on cut downing parasuicidal behaviours and will be measured utilizing the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview ( SASII ) . The SASII ( once the Parasuicidal History Interview ) looks at a assortment of factors related to both suicide effort and self-injurious behaviour. This step was rated as first-class in inter-rater dependability, and test-retest dependability, good in footings of concept cogency, and received a evaluation of adequate in the classs of content cogency and cogency generalisation ( Hunsley & A ; Mash, 2008 ) . The SASII is a 42-item step administered by a non-medical professional and is often used in surveies of persons with boundary line personality upset who display frequent self-destruction efforts or self-injurious behaviours ( Hunsley & A ; Mash, 2008 ; Linehan, Comtois, Brown, Heard, & A ; Wagner, 2006 ) . The major variables in th is step include frequence of self-injurious behaviours, particulars and deadliness of the method used, badness of any physical effects ensuing from the self-injurious behaviours and medical intervention received ( Linehan, Comtois, et al. , 2006 ) . In footings of dependability, the four graduated tables have been shown to be internally efficient with alpha coefficients runing from.64 to.86 and this step has an overall inter-rater dependability of.80 ( Brown, n.d. ; Hunsley & A ; Mash, 2008 ; Linehan, Comtois, et al. , 2006 ) . Cogency of this step was tested in a assortment of ways, most notably in the evaluations of method, deadliness and subsequent physical status. The SASII was designed to be administered by non-medical professionals and dependability between these interviewers and medical professionals was paramount. The measuring achieved.85 dependability coefficiency for deadliness of the method used and.93 for physical status following the event ( Linehan, Comtois, et al. ) . Additionally, the cogency of frequence counts ranged from 72 % to 86 % % when compared to clinical records ( Brown, n.d. ) . The standard version of the SASII will necessitate a drawn-out interview and there is a short version available every bit go od and is included in Appendix A. Datas Analysis Pre and Post trial tonss for each participant will be calculated and reviewed by the research squad. Statistical analysis will be completed utilizing SPSS for Windows and the hypothesis will be tested by utilizing a t-test to compare the average SASII tonss of the experimental and control groups. Because merely two variables are being compared, bivariate statistics will be used to depict the relationship between the dependant variable and the independent variable. IRB Approval In order to obtain blessing from the UMB Institutional Review Board the research squad will finish the IRB initial application which includes a 200 word abstract sketching the intent of the research undertaking, designation, features and figure of the topics in the survey, the research procedures including transcripts of the SASII, an overview of possible hazards and benefits to the research subjects, guidelines for keeping confidentiality and obtaining informed consent and a reappraisal of the usage of protected wellness information ( Institutional Review Board, n.d. ) . A modified version of the research proposal worksheet completed for this assignment could run into these demands. Review This proposal has a figure of strengths and as a consequence has the possible to convey forth important consequences. The survey has an ample and manageable sample size and the usage of barricading, random assignment provides the best chance to hold homogenous control and experimental groups. There is a high potency to deduce a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables because the survey was designed as a authoritative experiment. Because of the experimental design, menaces to internal cogency are besides virtually eliminated with the exclusion of abrasion which will be discussed as a possible restriction to this survey ( Monette, et al. , 2008 ) . While there are a figure of strengths with this survey, there are besides several restrictions that need to be considered. This will be a reasonably drawn-out and dearly-won survey to transport out. The costs of developing two healers in DBT and four group skills leaders will be important. Additionally, traditional DBT intervention typically requires attending of accomplishments groups hebdomadally for the first 12-months, and while abrasion rates in DBT therapy tend to be lower ( Linehan, Comtois, et al. , 2006 ; Carter, et al. , 2010 ; Soler, et al. , 2009 ) , there is still a important hazard that abrasion will be a job long-run which will necessitate to be tracked, monitored and reported on continuously. There are other immaterial variables that have non been addressed in this research proposal. The background, preparation and experience of the single healers for the experimental group is unknown and since the hypothesis rests on an single being able to keep intervention with the supplier of pick, there is no manner to turn to this or to mensurate it beyond study of the healer. The possibility of reactiveness to pre and post testing does be and a Solomon experimental group was considered for this proposal, nevertheless it was of import to estimate the alteration in frequence and strength of parasuicidal behaviours so a baseline step was needed on all groups which precluded the usage of the Solomon 4-group design. The step chosen to measure outcomes has low prognostic cogency ( Hunsley & A ; Mash, 2008 ) so the ability to foretell future episodes of self-destruction efforts and self-injury is low. Future surveies in this country should utilize steps with some prognostic cogency as good which could dramatically better the significance and utility of the findings. Significance and Deductions The importance of this survey for progressing the field of Social Work and impacting the lives of persons who experience self-injurious behaviours is apparent. The proposed survey has the possible to add to the cognition base of the impact of client pick of therapy on intervention effectivity and if it is able to be replicated and applied to different populations a major barrier to the execution of DBT intervention could be reduced. This survey has the possible to open DBT intervention up to many persons who would otherwise non see it because they would hold to go forth their current supplier. This survey besides has the possible to offer single healers a auxiliary intervention in accomplishment development to help their clients with deriving the accomplishments needed to get down to larn to modulate their emotions without fall backing to self-injurious behaviours. On a more macro degree, community plans could get down to offer DBT accomplishments groups as a addendum to traditional outpatient patterns and because the intervention is done in a group format, the disbursals would be lower in footings of staff clip and resource allotment compared to hourly single Sessionss each hebdomad. As demonstrated in the research, supplying clients picks in intervention will finally take to greater satisfaction on the portion of the client, lower no-show rates and higher overall keeping of clients than mandating that a client leave their current supplier in order to have the group skills preparation offered through outpatient DBT accomplishments groups. From a policy point of view, mental wellness policy could be affected in footings of stressing client pick more in intervention options. Current policy tendencies are focused on autonomous attention and recovery based rules and by showing that consumer pick in healer has an at least equal consequence on intervention results could back up policy alteration to reflect a greater accent on pick.

The Waiting Girl

The image that I have chosen to research is The waiting Girl by Loretta Lux. The image was published in 2006 in Germany. The image is about time and timelessness, the girl and the cat are frozen in time waiting for eternity. The little girl is simply waiting for nothing it is like what ever gets thrown at her next will be her opportunity. The waiting girl is one of Loretta’s best works; it is also one of her most famous work. Stated by Loretta â€Å"I started with the idea of a girl sitting on the sofa waiting for nothing in particular and the cat came into the idea later. I love cats and I had to try and incorporate cats into my images for a long time but never worked but this time worked extremely well†. The image shows a little girl sitting on a chair and a cat laying next to her. This image shows the innocence of the little girl with her legs crossed, her hair in two buns, and her clothing so pail and vintage. You will not see many young girls dressed like this today. The chair is the first thing that is noticed in the image it is the colour red being bright and red the meaning of love, waiting for something to happen and for her life to carry on and a child’s life should. The colour’s used in this photograph are pail and as known now vintage colour’s. The girl, cat, wall and floor are all mostly in the same tones and blend in with each other this which then makes the chair center of attention and is the most appealing aspect to the eye. Above the lounge there is a bow, which also shows the innocence of the little girl and her childhood. The meaning of each colour relates back to this image: Red the colour of fire and blood, energy, danger, strength, power, passion, desire, and love. Beige the colour of warmth. Brown the colour of stability, reliability, approachability, natural and organic. White is the colour of purity. The texture of this image looks smooth but the lounge is rough and so is the floor, this gives the image an effect of time, meaning that the chair and floor have now changed over time we now have smooth floors e. g- carpet and tiles, and the lounges today are now soft and made out of soft fabrics and leather. The image does not represent a historical time although we could say it does, the vintage colours, the innocence of the little girl, the lounge which we do not see often at all these days. Though the look if the image is of a very heritage era. Size is a factor in the image the by the size of the lounge compared to the girl and the cat. The girl is of a very small proportion of the image where space overrides the image. The reason I chose this image is because it caught my eye and it had a impact on me, this image caught my emotions. I thought it would be a good image to talk about although there is not much detail on this image. The image is very simple and plain and shows the innocence of young girls growing up. It reminded me of when I was growing up and how different things were. It was all about playing and getting out hands dirty, but when compared to this image it is the complete opposite. It’s all about the sweet innocence of the young girl. The image that I chose I think is a good one, it can relate to many things in a childhood. Nearly every girl who sees this will feel the connection with the image some may feel exactly the same and others like my self may feel opposite. There were two ways of being brought up the classy/ elegant way or the casual way. Many of us girls today can relate to the casual way is it is now the 21st century. My overall response to this image is that I think that it was portrayed very well, without even reading about the image many people would understand the image and have a connection with it. I really like this photo and I find it very detailed once you look into the image and find out more about it and find out that there is more behind this image than we can see. I believe that every image has a story and has its own message behind it and to me I find that this message being sent out about this image is that time s the main factor in our daily lives. It’s what ever gets thrown at us many of us will take. I find this image a very appealing image and believe that behind every image there is a story, and this image does have a story and that is that life is based on time. Every artist looks at things completely different and have there own thoughts on there images but in most cases it is something that has related to their lives and in this case it is Loretta related this image to her upbringing and her love for cats. In conclusion, this image is fantastic I find it very appealing although it is very simple it does have a detailed background and is an eye catching image. I find that the colour’s work very well with the theme of innocence and time the natural colours and show the purity of the girl. Though when we compare these colour’s to todays colour’s they are very different we now use very bright colours and show the excitement in the child’s life. The image is worth all the attention that it receives and has more and more comments about it every day, each person has a different opinion but I find this very appealing and attractive.

Bahasa Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Bahasa Indonesia Essay My Educational background, academic and extra curricular and work experience are as follows. I am currently pursuing an international Baccalaureate education in Sekolah Pelita Harapan in Tangerang Indonesia that is equivalent to a 2 year diploma. The courses I have undertaken include business management (Higher Level / HL), English A2 (HL), Theatre Arts (HL), Bahasa Indonesia A1 (SL), Mathematics (SL), and Environmental Systems (SL). I hope to score a distinction on my final exam. I have been involved in extra curricular activities since primary level these include theater arts where I have participated in plays like the Sandbox by Edward Albee, Shakespearean Monologues and the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde. My key role has been in charge of costume design, setting and construction. I have been involved in painting and drawing, participated in music especially playing the piano as well as learnt Japanese language. I have participated in many sporting events during my school time and received awards such as fitness where I was awarded with gold equivalent to the international standard, hockey as goal keeper, ice-skating and become first runners-up and basketball. I also participated in the athletics where I become third winner. Apart from sports, during my leisure time I get engaged in charity work such as volunteer as English teacher in local orphanages and organize special events like in Christmas 2007. I have participated and coordinated the Indonesia’s 2007 charity walk where we raised money to help flood victims for purchase of medicine and personal effects. In addition am involved in Sunday school teaching. During my summer holidays I work in the family businesses dealing in supplying of merchandise to companies in Indonesia and in the printing firm contracted by large companies. I have learnt a lot of business skills from my family members especially dad and grand father. They have introduced me to the business world which makes me consider expanding my knowledge and skills that will make me better and productive. I am applying for consideration for admission to FIDM in the following majors’ i. e merchandise marketing, visual communication and business management. I am aware that FIDM offers all these majors. I believe I will be able to undertake these courses so that I can sharpen my skills. For instance in Merchandise marketing I would like to get knowledge and skills about planning, purchasing, promotion of merchandise, technology application, human resource development and critical thinking among others. In Visual communications am much interested in acquiring skills in visual presentation, exhibition and trade show design, retail display, store keeping, event planning, trend analysis and computer graphics. While in business management am quite excited if I get these chance to broaden my knowledge on entrepreneurship, financial management, human resource management and organization, global influence, involvement and management. I have considered this field of profession since my childhood. I have thought about it over and over again for a long time. Given the fact that I was born in business environment, my interest for really integrating fashion and business tickles me. Am persuaded this is the area of my interest and career fulfillment. The reasons for me to chose this college among all your other choices is that Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising (FIDM) is an institute that is reputed internationally in the fashion industry. It has experience of over 35 years in teaching with a unique nature by which the college delivers its curriculum such as being industry driven and practically oriented to the present development. The institute has a diverse community of students and staff from different backgrounds which gives opportunity for broader understanding of global issues. It has well equipped academic materials. This exposure will enhance my understanding of global issues and help me appreciate diversity. The other support services provided such as international student support classes, work experience, transfer offers, student resources and career development services and opportunities such as networking, graduate alumni and career placement after college are other important reasons I would like to attend FIDM than other colleges. I consider this college as a place where I can gain knowledge and skills to help me in my career goals and future plans. After I have completed my college studies I would like to pursue a career in fashion industry especially costume design, creativity and business management. I like watching fashion modeling events with a keen eye on creative design. I have intention of creating my own designs that I would like to be involved in and become one of the world fashion designers. The exposure I have gained from family businesses I have worked and knowledge I expect to gain from attending FIDM will surely enhance my entrepreneurship skills and ambition to own a fashion store business with wide collection of world fashion designs. I would like also to pursue my education to an advanced level so that I can train and nature talents in my country. I am convinced that this is where I want to go and make an impact in the fashion industry. REFERENCES Fashion Institute of Design and Management. (2008). Curriculum. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http://www. fidm. edu/academics/majors/business-management/curriculum. html Bahasa Indonesia. (2016, Nov 16).

EMILY DICKINSON Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EMILY DICKINSON - Research Paper Example However, it was this lack of human contact and her inability to form relationships that kept her well-behaved and out of trouble, making her a favorite among her relatives, especially her aunt Lavinia. It was this aunt who called attention not only to Dickinson’s quiet demeanor, but also to Dickinson’s affinity for the piano when she was only two years of age. Wanting to encourage Dickinson’s intelligence and musical talent, and because he held education in high regard, Dickinson’s father made sure that his children were properly educated from early ages. As such, he also played a very active role in their education, always listening with eagerness as his children shared what they had learned. The regular involvement in Dickinson’s life made him a favorite to his children; indeed, it had been noted that Dickinson and her siblings were not very fond of her mother, who was a cold woman. It was her father’s warmth and concern that kept Dickinson inspired to stay in school and hone her talents (Farr 76). During 1845 and 1846, Dickinson had fallen ill, keeping her out of school for almost nine months, yet when she returned, she was more than eager to get back into her studies. Even during her illness, she made sure to continue reading and writing, never wanting to cease the growth of her intelligence or put her father’s sacrifices for her education to waste. During and after her education, Dickinson continued to write, clearly having found the one thing in life that she wanted to do until her last breath. At the age of eighteen, Dickinson befriended her father’s attorney, Benjamin Franklin Newton, who was amazed by Dickinson’s talents. He introduced her to the works of William Wadsworth and Ralph Waldo Emerson, no doubt with the intent of encouraging her own writing talents. Newton died before Dickinson had made a name for herself, something that he had longed to see her do, but many of her poems were in written in memory of Newton or had Newton as the subject. As Dickinson entered adulthood, she found herself growing steadily depressed over the many deaths that had plagued her life. She became even more reclusive, though she never gave up her writing. Her father died from a stroke in 1874; though Dickinson didn’t attend his funeral, her father’s death was a catalyst in Dickinson’s life (Baker 209-211). When her mother died in 1882 from numerous illnesses, Dickinson was pushed further into seclusion, all but shutting herself completely away from the world. Dickinson found herself at an emotional rockbottom later in 1882 after the deaths of two close friends, as well as the death of her favorite nephew, who had died of typhoid fever. Dickinson continued to write poetry, but she stopped editing and organizing her work. Come 1884, Dickinson had grown worn out from all of the deaths that she had experienced, as they all seemed to have come one right after the other . Dickinson barely had time to grieve over one friend or family member before another died. The summer of 1884, Dickinson herself rapidly grew sick, becoming weak and succumbing to fainting spells. She was bedridden, though she kept up with her writing. Her poems became few, but she had composed a variety of letters to her few remaining friends and family members. Dickinson died on May 15, 1886 from kidney disease, though many people have speculated that Dickinson’

Macro11C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro11C - Essay Example The higher the RR, the lower the amount of money lent by banks and vice versa. 3) Federal funds rate (FFR): The FFR refers to the rate at which banks lend each other money overnight in order to maintain the reserve requirement. If the FFR is high, banks would be unwilling to lend beyond the reserve requirement and vice versa. 4) Discount rate (DR): The DR refers to the rate that the federal reserve charges the bank if it wants to borrow money from it in case when the money is not available to be borrowed from other banks. The DR is usually higher than the FFR. The open market operations are the most widely used tool for controlling the money supply in the market. The decisions for these open market operations are made during the Federal Open Market Committee meetings which since 1981 have been held 8 times at regularly scheduled times each year. These open market operations change the money supply without impact the money multiplier. The most powerful tool that the Fed has to control the monetary policy is the Reserve Requirement. Changing the RR not only impacts the money supply but also the money multiplier as it directly influences the bank lending. ... Easy money policy: To fight recessions, the Fed can use its monetary policy tools to increase the growth of money and credit, which tends to lower interest rates and spur growth of the economy. This monetary policy is said to be easy or expansionary. Tight money policy: To restrain inflation, the Fed can use its monetary policy tools to reduce the growth of money and credit, which tends to raise interest rates and slow the growth of the economy. This monetary policy is said to be tight or contractionary. For the easy money policy, first the MS increases which causes the interest rate to decrease which causes the amount of investment to increase. This causes AD to increase leading to a higher real GDP and a little inflation. The implementation in reality is done by the Fed by buying securities from banks and/or reducing the reserve ratio for banks, the FFR and the DR. For the tight monetary policy, first the MS decreases which causes the interest rate to increase which causes the amou nt of investment to decrease. This causes AD to decrease leading to a lower real GDP and a decrease in price levels. The implementation in reality is done by the Fed by selling securities from banks and/or increasing the reserve ratio for banks, the FFR and the DR. Q3: Comment on the theory underlying the use of a monetary rule by the Federal Reserve. Does the use of such a rule seem appropriate under current economic conditions? Explain. The theory underlying the ue of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve is also known as the Taylor Rule. It is an interest rate forecasting model invented by John Taylor in 1992 and described in his 1993 study called â€Å"Discretion Vs. Policy Rules in Practice". In general, the Taylor rule mean that for a 1% increase in

LLB Law - Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LLB Law - Contract Law - Case Study Example The offer was communicated to Mr Taylor at the price agreed of 35,000 to be payable 24 March, the costumes to be delivered on the same day. Studying this case one must also remember that the definition of consideration is extremely important and relevant. In Currie v Misa (1875) the definition of consideration is clearly understood as a right, interest, profit or benefit to one party, or some forbearance, detriment suffered or undertaken by another. Consideration is the normal 'badge of enforcement' in English Law. Taking a further look at this case the consideration was the amount of money that Mr Baron offered to Mr Taylor in exchange for the goods at the promised time. However Mr Taylor suffered detriment when the full amount of money was not paid. Consideration was given when Mr Baron asked for all all the costumes for the waiters to be delivered before the club opened. Mr Taylor met all the requirements for the contract to be valued whereas Mr Baron did not fulfill the requirements of the contract. The case also deals with executed consideration, for this to be the case there are certain criteria that must be satis fied. In LAMPLEIGH v BRAITWAIT (1615) it was held that the act must have been requested by the promisor. As seen in Mr Baron's case he made the request for the costumes. As per RE CASEY's PATENT (1892) there was an understanding that payment would be made once all the costumes were delivered to Mr Baron for the full amount that he promised. Mr Baron did not pay the full amount he promised on delivery of the goods. Consequently he breached the terms of the contract and Mr Taylor suffered damage. There was an intention to be bound as in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256. Other cases have studied the laws of intention such as; Rose and Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros [1923] There was a clear intention on the part of Mr Baron to create legal relations since he communicated his needs when he found out that Mr Taylor's staff were far behind with their work and that the costumes may not be finished by opening night. Mr Baron clearly wanted the work carried out and clearly communicated the amount of money he wanted in return for the goods. When Mr Baron realized that the goods might not be ready for opening time he communicated a new agreement that he would pay a further 3000 only if the goods were ready in time for opening. This resulted in Mr Taylor requesting all of his workers to design Mr Baron's costumes exclusively. Therefore Mr Taylor was running at a loss if Mr Baron did not pay the full amount since he could not ask his workers to work on anything else during this time period. This resulted in damages to Mr Taylor and his company when Mr Baron refused to keep his promise and pay the full amount. This relates to the decision made in WILLIAMS v ROFFEY BROS(1991), where it was held that where a party to an existing

Leadership and Business Improvement Research Paper

Leadership and Business Improvement - Research Paper Example Leaders form an environment where people feel free to voice dissent. Leaders do this through actions. A leader does not fire people as they goofed, and in fact support dissent. Leaders have to reward people for differing, to reward modernism, and to ensure failure. Leaders link all these with forming a trusting atmosphere but most of the trust comes not from a fastidious technique, but from the character of the leader. To create trust, Leader needs to have following things.First, the leader has to have the capability. The employees have to trust his or her ability to do the job. Secondly, people are anxious with congruity that a leader is a person of reliability. If you are an effective leader, what you say is compatible with what you do, and that is similar to what you feel, and that sequentially is similar to your vision. Third, people desire a feeling that the leader is on their side that he or she will be stable. They want to distinguish that in the heat of battle; their leader w ill support them, protect them and endure with what they require to win. Lastly, leaders, they trust need to care about the lives of the people with whom they are working, need to understand with them. Leaders also show care concerning the illusions of his or her actions and the consequences of decisions. Capability, congruity, and loyalty, and being thoughtful is the quality a leader that must symbolize in order for trust to be formed in a group. It gets a long time to generate and maintain. It takes recurring interactions. Leaders are primarily the results leaning individuals in the world, and results get consideration. Their visions or objectives are persuasive and drag people toward them. Intensity coupled with obligation is alluring. These strong personalities do not have to force people to focus on; they are so intent on what they are doing that, like a child totally fascinated with creating a sand castle in a sandbox, they depict others in. All leaders can form a persuasive vision, one that takes people to a new place, and then interprets that vision into truth. Peter Drucker said that the first mission of a leader is to describe the vision. Max DePree , CEO of Herman Miller, wrote in Leadership Is an Art, "The first responsibility of a leader is to describe reality. The last is to say thank you. In between, the leader is a servant." (Warren G. Bennis, Joan Goldsmith, 1997) Primarily Vision grabs the leader, and the capability to communicate it eventually eases

Cultural Factors of Euro Disneyland In Terms Of American and French Essay

Cultural Factors of Euro Disneyland In Terms Of American and French Practices and Behaviours - Essay Example This paper tells that Euro Disneyland has become one of the major tourist attractions for Europe and France. There are various elements of the theme park which are now subject to discussion in this paper. These elements refer to cultural factors, mostly in terms of American and French practices and behaviors. This essay shall answer four questions. The first shall use Hofstede four cultural dimensions as a point of reference and discuss the key cultural differences between the United States and France. It will also discuss how Trompenaars’ research helped explain the cultural differences between the US and France. This essay will also discuss the three mistakes made in the management of Euro Disneyland. Finally, it will present three lessons which the company should have learned on how to deal with diversity. These questions are being discussed in an attempt to re-assess the cultural elements involved in the management of Euro Disneyland, in the hope of making eventual suggest ions on the management of the current resort or other companies seeking to secure their businesses abroad. Americans and French perceive each other differently. The Americans perceive the French to be arrogant, flamboyant, and emotional. They are also perceived to be hierarchical in their power structures in organizations. On the other hand, the French perceive Americans to be aggressive and unprincipled, immorally liberal, as well as highly stressed workaholics. Power distance refers to the understanding within organizations of the extent to which power is distributed within the institution. Within the American and French cultures, power is hardly distributed evenly.   It is founded on management positions within the organizational culture and based on the power distance relationship.  

International Penology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Penology - Term Paper Example In China, death penalty is reserved for human trafficking and serious cases of corruption. According to the Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign (2006), world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. Since time immemorial capital punishments such as decapitation, electrocution, firing squad, gas chamber, hanging, lethal injection, shooting and stoning have been widely used. Decapitation super cedes all other form of penal practice and this practice has been proved to be fatal, as brain death occurs within seconds to minutes without the support of the organism's body. Decapitation was a common practice in the Asian continent. Countries such as China, India, Japan, Thailand and European, American, and African counterparts also greatly used reserved this practice to punish criminals. However, these types of capital punishment methods has been widely debated, where opponents of the death penalty often feel that there is the possibility of innocent or wrong execution, the lack of deterrence of violent crime; and religious grounds for opposition to the death penalty. Supporters of capital punishments often feel this to put an end to violent crime, closure to the families and friends o f the victim and term of prison sentence is not an ideal way to punish. These debates across countries and among philosophers have gradually changed the style of handling criminals and punishing criminal activities. Foucauldian Perspectives Foucault brought forth the idea of the social permeation of power relationships inherently linked to resistance (Gupta and Ferguson, 1997). Foucault gives two senses to the word "subject": One is at once under the control of power and one is acting as one's own agent of power, but never is one outside of power (Foucault, 1972) According to Foucault (2005) "The emergence of prison as the form of punishment for every crime grew out of the development of discipline in the 18th and 19th centuries". He greatly looks are the development of highly refined forms of discipline, of discipline concerned with the smallest and most precise aspects of a person's body. He strongly believed that discipline develops a new economy and politics for bodies and those modern institutions required that bodies must be based on their tasks, as well as for training, observation, and control. His prime argument is that discipline could mould a whole new form of individuality for bodies, which enabled them to carry out their duty within the new forms of economic, political, and military organizations emerging in the modern age and continuing to today. Foucault challenges the commonly accepted idea that the prison became the consistent form of punishment due to humanitarian concerns of reformists. Hence Foucault's theory of "gentle" punishment made created a way for practice of more generalized and controlled means of punishment better compared to excessive force of the sovereign. In his lecture titled Governmentality, Foucault defines governmentality as "1.The ensemble formed by the institutions, procedures, analyses and reflections, the calculations and tactics that allow the exercise of this very specific albeit complex form of power, which has as its target population, as its principal form of knowledge political economy, and as its essential technical means

Db1 strategic management of human assests Research Paper

Db1 strategic management of human assests - Research Paper Example Mission statements are considered as one of the most widely used management tools, which help an organization to achieve those important goals and objectives for necessary conditions of long- term activity and market success (Bart, 2001). One of the leading nutrition, health and wellness companies in the world food market is the Swiss Nestle, which aims to provide its consumers with the best nutritious and tasting food and beverage for all occasions. To be the best food company, Nestle invests greatly into the development of its people, using one of its principles for each employee to have an opportunity to develop to the maximum of their potential. It conducts learning in literacy and local and international trainings for its employees, has apprenticeship programs worldwide and gives the possibility to the managers to take part in the external management training. The company actively supports work and life balance of its employees, encouraging them for flexible working conditions if possible. To retain talents within an organization, Nestle should think over the improvement of its strategy towards its employees. Thus, certain surveys will give better vision of what employees expect from the company and how the rela tionship between the management and its staff can be improved. Brodowsky, G. H. (1998). The effects of country of design and country of assembly on evaluative beliefs about automobiles and attitudes toward buying them: A comparison between high and low ethnocentric consumers. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 10(3),

eligion In United States Public Schools Essay Example for Free

eligion In United States Public Schools Essay The answer of the question is that students should be allowed to express any religion in United States Public Schools. I based my answer on the fundamental principles of the state with respect to the right to practice religion as well as my personal opinion. Therefore, I would like to submit that students in the United States should be allowed to practice any religion based on the separation of the church and state principle coined by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Other relevant instances and facts will also be used to explain this proposal like opposition of students of the mandatory prayer in school as well as the personal choice to express one’s religion through prayer. One reason that the students must be allowed to practice their own religion in schools is that it was the intention of the state that there will be a separation between the church and the state. All About History mentioned that the separation of the church and the state has been considered as part ad parcel of the legitimate, historical and political structure of the government and protects our freedom to practice religion (â€Å"Separation of Church and State†). In addition, it was also opined by Tripod that the separation of the church and state is considered a metaphor that well-known all over the world (â€Å"The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State†). This is stated this way because there is really no exact provision of the Constitution that mentioned separation of the church and the state. The idea was impliedly yet strongly mentioned in the Bill of Rights in order to ensure that freedom of religion can be served to the people. The phrase existed because of Thomas Jefferson who wrote the Danbury Baptists that they should not worry because an imaginary wall between the church and the state will be established (â€Å"The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State†). Second argument, the First Amendment of the Constitution clearly mentioned the basic ideals of the state concerning the freedom of religious practice. Volkomer (2001) wrote that, and I quote: â€Å"The First Amendment provides that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (425). It is then regarded by the government as a very important right since it was stated in the First Amendment of the Constitution. There is a clear prohibition that the legislature should not enact laws that favors any sectarian groups such that freedom of religion is thereby settled as a rule. If this rule will not be implemented, the very essence of liberty could not be exercised by the people. Imagine how scary on the part of the government to participate in matters those talks about religion when its very goal is to govern the people and not to make them godly. Besides, any governmental intervention on matters of religion would create chaos since we have different religious sects in the society. Political power may be seized by means of religion and everybody will use the name of God. Every religious sect will do everything in its power to influence policy-making in order to serve its interests to the disadvantage of the general welfare. Hence, students should be allowed in school to express their own way of worship and religious homage. Another argument to support the answer that students should be allowed to practice nay religion in public schools is that schools were not built to teach religious doctrines but to teach academic knowledge. It may be true that public schools are under the direction of the government yet the latter has no reason to direct it with regards to the incorporation of religious favor in schools. The mandatory school prayers made or required in some schools raked opposing views by students in public schools. The existence of public schools rests on education and not to basically proselyte. Kids in public schools are enslaved spectators. They are required to perform religious duties that they are not supposed to do either because they belong to other faith and or they have the right to practice their own beliefs. Therefore, the requirement that prayer should become an official element of the school day is improper and insidious (â€Å"Separation of Church and State†). In addition, religion must be treated as a private matter. It should be trifled upon by students in schools. Students in public schools must be given a chance to at least pray on their own decision and not because they were asked to do so. What is the purpose of faith when they should be forced to pray against their beliefs? There is none for that matter. The scheme that religious requirements in public schools be given would result to divisive attitudes of the students. It would create and build walls between students thereby giving them the opportunity to oppress the minority in terms of religious groups. It would disrupt the learning processes of the students in public schools. It must not be disregarded that public schools in America is for all students and not only for a particular group of students. It would be unfair if there were groups of religious believers who are given favorable situations on account of religious domination.

Price Elascity of Demand Essay Example for Free

Price Elascity of Demand Essay Price Elascity of Demand BY vtc901ee The price elasticity of demand (PED) is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in price of the good (Mankiw 2007, p. 90). It is a form of measure to determine how willing consumers are to move away from the good as the price of the good rises. Most of the time, there are factors that determines the PED, such as availability of close substitutes, necessities versus luxuries, definition of the market and time horizon. In order to calculate the PED, a formula is calculated using the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided y the percentage change in the price. Elastic demand that has the coefficient of greater than 1 suggests that there would be a significant change in quantity demanded when there is a little change in price while inelastic demand has a coefficient of less than one, which has a little change in quantity demanded even when there is a significant change in price. Unitary demand occurs when there is a coefficient of exactly one and there is an exact change in quantity demanded in proportion to the change in price (Bolotta et al. 2002). There are two ways to calculate the PED. Firstly, it is called the point method or also nown as geometrical method (DEISU 2008). Under this method, we measure the elasticity of demand at any point of a demand curve using the formula, Elasticity at any point on the straight line can be calculated using the point method provided that the demand line is linear. The better way to calculate the PED is by using the midpoint method, which is to calculate the PED between two points on a demand curve by averaging the 2 initial and final points chosen. The midpoint approach averages the prices and quantities demanded, thus arriving at an average elasticity estimate for the range of values covered on the demand curve. The formula is, The product that is chosen to explain the theory of PED is rice. Rice is one of the perfect examples of inelastic demand applied in todays world, especially in Malaysia. There was an interesting finding made by Nik Mustapha and other researchers, where they find that rice tends to be inelastic, showing that rice has already occupied a special position in Malaysian diet as it is a staple food among the population (FEMI-JPM 2008). Other countries in Asia are also affected by the demand for rice. In Thailand, the export price elasticity of demand for rice is ranged -1. 2 and -1. 9, which shows that it is an inelastic demand (FEMI-JPM 2008). The graph would be similar to Figure 3, whereby it has a steeper slope. This indicates that the consumer would pay at almost any price set in the market for the good as it is a necessity in food for them. The PED of the rice is important in terms of their pricing decisions as the total revenue can change along the demand curve, and this in return depends on the PED. In this case, rice is considered to be inelastic, and for all inelastic demands, an increase in price will have an increase in total revenue (Mankiw 2007, p. 95). However, this is also crucial in determining the maximum profit that can be made using the PED. If all the farmers have good harvest, a large drop in price is necessary to encourage consumers to use the additional grain (Ingrimayne. com) this will cause the farmers income to decrease, thus it is important to know the PED of the rice. For instance, if the quantity of rice increases by 20%, it means that there could be a decrease of price by 40%. In explaining on how the tax being imposed by the government can affects the production of rice, a fully labelled market diagram for rice (inelastic demand) is illustrated. Consumer surplus is the extra amount consumers are willing to pay from the ctual price whereas producer surplus is the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers cost of providing it (Mankiw 2007, pp. 139-144). Before the government impose tax on rice, consumer surplus and producer surplus are determined by equilibrium of price in the market. By imposing the tax on rice, the quantity of rice sold falls and there is a wedge between the price that buyers pay and the price that sellers receive. Both surpluses are reduced because there is tax revenue imposed by the government, resulting in a deadweight loss, a condition where a fall in surplus exceeds tax revenue, a form of market distortion (Mankiw 007, p. 162). These tax revenues are classified as government revenue. Government revenue may differ depending on the size of the tax, as different tax size generates different tax revenue. Since an inelastic demand decreases the quantity produced by a little, it can be assumed that the deadweight loss is also smaller, causing the tax revenue to increase slightly, as shown in Figure 10. Next, we will discuss the tax burden of the production of rice. Tax incidence is the distribution of tax burden among the participants in the market. In the rice market, taxes imposed on the buyers and the sellers are the same no matter whether the tax s charged on buyers or sellers, but the only difference is that who will send the money to the government (Mankiw 2007, pp. 24-127). To prove that, the following are the examples when a tax is charged on either buyers or sellers: The overall social welfare will be clearly shown once the effects of tax have on the quantity and price of the product, as the change in the total welfare decreases the consumer surplus and producer surplus, and usually exceeds the tax revenue raised maximised as there is deadweight loss incurred in the process of taxation, causing the quantity of goods decrease

Factors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business Essay

Factors That Affect The Achievement Of The Operational Excellence Business Essay One of the most competitive industries in the world is the pharmaceutical industry. For a long time, the operation of the pharmaceutical companies has been subject to scrutiny, especially by the government of each country of operation. The underlying reasons for the strict attention include: the cost of medicines and drugs available for purchase, the reduced life cycle of product development, the technological advancements which impact operations and the nature of the health care systems. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry, like other businesses, is affected by factors such as the issues of human resources development and sensitivity to culture and diversity. In fact, they all have influenced the birth of the new and improved meaning of operational excellence. The increasing demands for an improved productivity and manufacturing costs have been the growing concern of pharmaceutical companies today. The need to meet the fast changing needs of the market for a much higher standard and quality drugs has also resulted to increased expectations not only from the consumers but from all stakeholders (suppliers, investors, employees and the government). However, the quest for a much potent product is a very significant issue. The common goal is to reduce the attrition rate in bringing new medicines in the market as well as in creating a fair and efficient standard in choosing the best pharmaceutical company to award the patent. As more and more consumers are becoming concern of the drug s its short-term efficacy and its long-term side effects, marketing for the drug has also become more innovative and active. In this view, the operational processes and engineering for pharmaceutical product has come to a new level. Introduction The old adage Health is Wealth is generally true nothing can be more valuable than being healthy and alive. The objective of the government of every country around the world to provide its public with health care services has been notable but still incomplete and unsuccessful. Not only the poor and underdeveloped countries are the ones having problems with high medical costs and insurances but even the developed or economically strong countries. There are many factors that contribute to the inability of the government to properly provide for its people in terms of health care, for one, the health service is truly an expensive part of man s need to live and the costs of services are high because medical equipments are expensive not mentioning the maintenance cost of every hospital. Hence, the need to secure the health benefits of the people has become the motivating factor for the government to present in an agenda, its health objectives for the American Nation. Statement of the Problem The pharmaceutical business is one of the most important industries in the world. The benefits people gain from the results of research and development conducted by the pharmaceutical firms, which include discoveries of the cures for many diseases, and the lessening time required to treat the patient that lead to saving of lives, cannot be equated with money. Even the wealthiest person on earth gets sick and requires medicine. Sick people and their families are happy whenever they learn that there is a cure for their diseases and that their lives are lengthened by the healing power of medicine. However, with the high cost of production, stiff competition, and the ever-changing government legislations, pharmaceutical companies are facing major challenges. While the time to bring the pharmaceutical product in the market quickens, the risk involved in the cost recovery and industry survival increases for many pharmaceutical companies. In this view that the selected problem is titled: Ac hieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry. The selected research problem evaluates the operational and engineering processes used by the pharmaceutical companies. Achieving operational excellence requires that pharmaceutical companies understand the factors which may affect their operations, such as the changing human resources relative to cultural diversity and manpower outsourcing, the impact of the environmental factors, which may include changing government legislations, market trends and future opportunities and threats and the future trends, operational systems, collaborative efforts (merging, tie-ups, etc.) that will all make a difference in the midst of heavy competition and highly selective customers. The selected statement of the problem hopes to reveal the possible solutions to the challenges and in the end provide a wider perspective based on the data presented, evaluated and analyzed. Purpose of the Study The goal of this research is to find out the relevant factors that affect the achievement of the operational excellence of the firms in the pharmaceutical industry. It also hopes to learn and understand what makes a successful pharmaceutical company and how operational excellence can be achieved. Significance of the Study The findings of this research will serve as useful information on understanding the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. Readers will also have a full view of the pharmaceutical industry from its begging up to the current time. Researchers of the same issue will have a concrete basis of analyzing and evaluating for the same. Pharmaceutical companies will have a wider perspective of the industry where they exist, providing them with more information useful in the creation of marketing strategies and operational upgrades. The government will also benefit from this research because, it will present a different interpretation of the key factors affecting the pharmaceutical industry. Research Questions This paper looks into the following issues: (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: a. Operational processes and engineering; b. Pharmaceutical technology; c. New product development, Research and development; and Product life cycle; d. Production systems (total quality management, total productive maintenance, etc.); and e. Factors that characterize operational excellence (best practices)? (2) How are performances evaluated? a. The Porter s diamond concept in a pharmaceutical setting (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of: a. Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; b. Globalization; and c. Human resources development? (4) What are the expected future trends? Background Pharmaceutical firms are categorized according to the nature of their business operations: they are the research-based firms; manufacturing-based firms and a combination of research-based and manufacturing-based firms. Characterized by its two distinct functions: research and development (RD), and manufacturing, the pharmaceutical industry was reported as a $600 billion worth of sales in the year 2006 (economywatch). Specifically, there was a 7 per cent increase on the sales of prescription medicines worldwide or a total of $602 billion based on the report of some major pharmaceutical and medical information firms. These pharmaceutical firms are either, primarily engaged in Research and Development (RD) alone, studying diseases and advancing drugs and medicinal potency while other firms focus on the drug manufacturing process. Large, financially-able and world renowned pharmaceutical companies engaged in both activities. The US is considered as having the number one pharmaceutical market and an increasing trend in the pharmaceutical industry all over the world. According to statistics the highest recorded annual sales of pharmaceutical products and services in the US alone is $252 billion and increases at around 5.7 per cent annually (economywatch). According to a pharmaceutical industry report, the leading countries in the world in terms of potential market are India, China and the United States. The report specifically stated that: The report proved that there is an increasing demand and market for the pharmaceutical industry because of the increasing health awareness of the people all over the world. Literature Review Market intelligence data from IMS Health, a research company providing on pharmaceutical and healthcare industries proved that: in 2002, the estimated worldwide sales for prescription drugs was about $400 billion; and that the United States expenditure on prescription drugs in 2002, was roughly 200 billion dollars which accounted for approximately half of all sales worldwide. But despite this high costs, the United States ranked as the 21st rate on infant mortality in the world, way below Greece and South Korea and only a bit higher in Poland. Also, the United States ranked at the 17th rate in terms of life expectancy all over the world. The research agency also reported that in 2008, the US prescription drugs sales had amounted to a whopping $291 billion dollars every year (sourcewatch). In this view, the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry around the world are enormous (Sherk). One of the main reasons is the pressure of bringing down the prices of medicines and drugs that are considered contributive to the escalating costs of the health care services (Sherk). The cost of health care in the United States is generally double compared to other developed countries in Europe such as Britain, France and Germany. (yahoonews) Furthermore, the United States has reportedly spent 7, 290 dollars per person in the year 2007 but provided no meaningful advantage in terms of quality of care, and placed far behind the averages in the key indicators such as the infant mortality and life expectancy rate compared to the previously mentioned countries. The proposed healthcare reform in the United States, includes the evaluation of the drug costs and the possibility of creating legislations that will regulate the operations of pharmaceutical companies. Research Design The research design that will be used to evaluate and answer the selected problem titled: Achieving Operational Excellence in the Pharmaceutical Industry is qualitative research. The decision to use the qualitative research design was based on the following factors: limited time available, and also, the use of secondary data. In order to answer the general and specific questions, the researcher uses the descriptive research as a type of qualitative method of research. The researcher gathers secondary data from previous researches, statistical reports, surveys, demographic information, and online resources. The data gathered are listed, sorted and analyzed in order to answer the problems undertaken. Findings The following are the findings that were gathered using secondary information, specifically from previous researches, statistical reports, and other sources. (1) How should the current pharmaceutical industry be described in terms of: (a) Operational Processes and Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry Drug Approval and Registration Process As implemented by the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, the strict compliance of the law should be observed in all stages of the operational process and engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry, primarily, in the registration (FDA, 2010) The Food Drug Administration (FDA) s fundamental mission is protect the public health is the collection of this information, which is used for important activities such as post-market surveillance for serious adverse drug reactions, inspection of drug manufacturing and processing facilities, and monitoring of drug products imported into the United States. Comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date information is critical to conducting these activities with efficiency and effectiveness. (FDA, 2010) (b) Process Analytical technologies (PAT) One of the new systems that are being used in the pharmaceutical industry is known as the Process Analytical technologies (PAT). The term Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) has been used to describe a system for designing and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements (i.e. during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes for raw and in-process materials and also processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality. The PAT initiative focuses on building quality into the product and manufacturing processes, as well as continuous process improvement. (pharmainfo.net) c) Industry Operating Procedures The pharmaceutical industry, just like other industries uses the US standard of Accounting GAAP (irs.gov). Pharmaceutical companies have to apply for the registration of their newly discovered drugs or medicines. Before a drug can be tested in people, the drug company or sponsor performs laboratory and animal tests to discover how the drug works and whether its likely to be safe and work well in humans. Next, a series of tests in people is begun to determine whether the drug is safe when used to treat a disease and whether it provides a real health benefit. The process must be based on the steps set by the Food and Drug administration of the country of operation. The development and Approval Process of Drugs in the United States is believed to be the safest and the most advanced pharmaceutical system in the world. Another unique operational process used by the pharmaceutical companies is in the area of marketing. Unlike, the traditional selling and buying area of many products, selli ng drugs is a very complicated issue. Before companies can sell drugs, they have to seek approval and license from the FDA. Marketing in the pharmaceutical industry is commonly through salesmen. (2) How are performances evaluated? Porter s Five Forces of Industry Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry has high barriers to entry, primarily because capital is huge in this business. The need to allocate heavily on research and development is highly important if one will enter this industry, not mentioning high threat from government policies, and longer or no return on investment. The supplier power has low impact because material supplies are solely for pharmaceutical companies alone, and shelf life of chemicals is longer than any ordinary supplies. Buyer power depends on the kind of medicine being produced, if the medicine has no other substitute, then buyer power is low, and vice versa. The threat of substitutes is also low in the pharmaceutical industry, because although generics have been gaining popularity and acceptance, still, many consumers believe branded medicines are more effective. In terms of competitive rivalry, the pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. Mullins (2006) reported that the industry was overpopulated and not one company has more than 5 percent market share. In addition, market growth rate is also minimal. (3) What are the challenges of achieving operational efficiency in view of (a) Sensitivity to culture and diversity with respect to a unified corporate thinking; (b) Globalization and (c) Human resources development. The changing landscape of business due to the forces of the new and changing environment have become the major influences in the manner in which leading function in the organization is done today. Unlike the traditional leadership process, global leadership extends its functions to new horizons and length that increased values for businesses, hence an increased risks. Leaders are more flexible and multi-skilled today. Thus, new business horizons that offer new and improved opportunities are available for global leaders to take advantage of. With the right attitude and qualifications, success in the business is possible for global leaders. The secrets however, lie on the ability of the leader to understand these new concepts and challenges. Human Resource Management or HRM is an activity that is focused on recruiting, managing and developing the people in an organization. This function also deals with the issues regarding employee compensation, hiring, performance evaluation, safety, development, wellness, communication, training and development. The human resource management in the organization plays a big role in making strategic and coherent approach to managing the company s most important asset; its people. The HRM function is seen by most companies as a major contributing factor in aligning specific assignment to the employee s capabilities. In doing so, the company will be able to efficiently achieve its goals at a minimum required resources. Factors that affect staffing and staffing turnover are considered to be a big problem faced by human resource managers. Pinkerton (2001) made an effort to know the reasons that influence the staffing needs of hospitals. The answers vary depending on the hospital, the top thr ee include, teamwork or no teamwork/unit cohesiveness, chaos factors impacting the delivery of nursing care and effectiveness of communication. The factors affect staffing which can be categorized under external and internal. The external factors include the level of education, the prevailing attitudes in society (the kind of attitude toward work), the many laws and regulations that directly affect staffing, the economic conditions, and the supply of and demand for the manpower outside the enterprise. Organizational goals, tasks, technology, organization structure, the kinds of people employed by the enterprise, the demand for and the supply of managers within the enterprise, the reward system, and various kinds of policies are the internal factors which may affect staffing. For example, the use of high technology in most industries requires extensive and intensive education and training. The organization s ability to effect change is largely affected by the organizational culture because it serves as the basic nature and characteristics of the whole organization. Where organizational culture is deep seated and forms underlying subcultures, it is more difficult to change and therefore sets a more challenging role for leaders who want to implement change in the organization. The tendency to resist change is higher when organizational culture is more cohesive and more symbolical. Since the organization comprises of people that have different behaviors, talents, skills, knowledge, values, personality and many other differences, working together they come on terms to manage each other s differences. Culture is the behavior which formed when the people in the organization meet and agreed verbally and nonverbally and creates rule for doing the task. (Heathfield) Diversity The diversity in the organization was previously seen as a negative factor, but in today s environment where change is inevitable, it adds up to the company s flexibility in order to survive the competition in the market. In an organization where diversity is high, the leader must understand and know how to deal with it and use them effectively as a competitive advantage. Nowadays, many organizations employ diverse group of employees because they want to create a unique culture which adds up to the value of the organizational workforce. Common diversities in the organization include racial mixes, foreign workforces, women on the job, and disabled workers. (4) What are the expected future trends? Major transformations are occurring in the delivery of healthcare worldwide. Medical and healthcare technologies are increasingly impacting the clinical as well as the administrative dimensions of healthcare care delivery. Innovations introduced in the last decade have created accumulated effects that will be compounded with the continuing technical progress in medicine. Areas such as telemedicine, telehealth, computerized medical records, e-health and use of the Internet in B2B and B2C applications in healthcare are some of the milestones in the almost total revamping of the healthcare landscape. Medical and healthcare technologies are already transforming the operations, design and mission of hospitals. In this regard, the challenges for the future are an exciting opportunity for study, reflection, planning, and intervention. Technology assessment (TA) arose in the mid-1960s from an appreciation of the critical role of technology in modern society and its potential for unintended, and sometimes harmful, consequences. Congress commissioned independent studies by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress that significantly influenced the development and application of TA. These studies and further congressional hearings led the National Science Foundation to establish a TA program and, in 1972, Congress to authorize the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), which was founded in 1973, became operational in 1974, and established its health program in 1975. Another factor that is considered as a threat not only to pharmaceutical industry but all industries is the globalization. Globalization has been creating impacts to various industries and individuals. The possibilities associated with it are countless. Hence, it also poses higher threats to many. Globalization has influenced major transformations on the organizational structures, and the processes of firms whether locally or internationally operated. Globalization also redefined the functions and roles of the intermediaries. Distribution of products has become entirely dependent on the intermediaries. Companies are trying to lessen interaction costs and because of this, have outsourced services from other countries to take advantage of the economies of scale. Industrial sectors have to undergo extensive structural changes which become more visible in the sectors that are based highly on the advanced technologies. Examples include the car industry, pharmaceutical industry and the tel ecommunications, among others. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on this research study, there are several lessons which could be learned from the evaluation of and analysis performed in the pharmaceutical industry. Primarily, the safety and security of our lives depend on the ability of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the AMA (American Medical Association) and APA (American Pharmacists Association), to screen and select the safest medicine, drugs and vaccines. The criteria set should always and consistently be tested, proven, and communicated to all industry players. Second, the operations of the pharmaceutical companies are generally affected by the changes in the industry. The relative amount of information available in understanding or describing a situation can significantly help in making valuable decision regarding the business operation. Third, the threat on the human resources because of globalization is considered a very critical issue even in the pharmaceutical industry. In the situation where there is limited available resources, need is high for an effective HR planning. Maximizing employee performances through devising appropriate training is also vital to the needs of the company. The approach will also help in maximizing the return on investment of the any organization s human capital and minimizing the financial risk is the main objective of human resources. Finally, it should therefore be concluded that the operational excellence in the pharmaceutical industry will only be achieved when companies learn to adapt the changes and developments brought about by the globalization.

Revealing a Characters True Nature During a Moment of Crisis Essay

In literature, there are many examples of people who are placed in â€Å"fantastic† situations, which served to reveal much about themselves, as Dostoevsky suggests. There are also many instances in which people break down and do something completely uncharacteristic in these same situations, as a result of extreme suffering. One such example, is Gretchen, from Goethe's Faust. She was an ingà ©nue and thus revealed her true character at a crucial point in her life. She was not a murderer, yet she murdered. When all her misdeeds began to drive her mad, she became the most lucid in her discernment of good and evil. â€Å"Her last remarks saved her, as she cried out to God in repentance, she was forgiven. Receiving a spiritual awakening, though out of her mind with grief, she still recognized the devil. She sensed evil in Faust and finally realized that there was no love between them† (RoseDeClementi 3.2). Gretchen's deeds were just as despicable as his, but there was a difference; in her moment of truth, she repented and was redeemed. Faust knew that he was condemned to spend eternity in hell. In this instance, I believe that Dostoevsky was correct because Gretchen was portrayed as a victim of manipulation. Another example in literature of someone who revealed her true character, in crisis, was Antigone, from a story of the same name. â€Å"In the story of Antigone, (who was the daughter of Oedipus), more tragedy awaited her. Taking a stand for what she believed to be an injustice and offense against her god, she buried her dead brother which violated the law, thereby sentencing her to her own death; she was to be placed in a tomb alive and left for dead† (Rose-DeClementi 1.2). Her strong beliefs shaped her character which dictated her ac... ...his into consideration, I behaved responsibly. Even when I began to lose my composure with the hospital workers, who refused to take my friend in right away, my true character was revealed. Generally, crisis situations have a tendency to bring out the worst in me, as with most people. This disputes Dostoevsky's theory, which holds that the true nature of a person will be revealed during moments of crisis. My account, as well as the examples taken from literature, prove that Dostoevsky's theory, although valid, is not indisputable. Works Cited Rose-DeClementi, Theresa. Personal journal 1.1. 4 Sept. 2010. Rose-DeClementi, Theresa. Personal journal 1.2. 10 Sept. 2010. Rose-DeClementi, Theresa. Personal journal 3.2. 20 Oct. 2010. Rose-DeClementi, Theresa. Personal journal 4.1. 25 Oct. 2010. Rose-DeClementi, Theresa. Personal journal 4.2. 6 Nov. 2010.

History of the Theater Industry :: essays research papers

The theater industry has been around since the beginning of time, when "one or more human beings, isolated in time and/or space, presented themselves to another or others." And when people started to realize that they could make a profit from doing this, they decided that, that was the best thing to do. The earliest recorded plays that still survive to this day are those of Ancient Greece. Between c. 550 and c. 220 BC, in Athens, the theater industry began to grow into an entertainment business that people would pay to see its happenings. It was more than just amusement for friends and family. It had become and art, and sometimes a competition to win a wreath and respect. Amphitheaters were being made just for performance venues, and they were usually always full for every show. Because of the shape of the amphitheaters the acoustics were far better and even people in the 100th row could hear what was happening on the stage. People loved the idea of being able to watch actors act out a story right in front of them. The Greek way of theater influenced the Romans, and of course like they had been doing all through history, they stole the idea of theater and made it their own. They made it less religious and because the audiences were usually rude and loud during performances, they made up a code by wearing certain outfits to show who they were in the story. When the fall of the Roman Empire happened, the idea of true theater sort of got lost among the rubble. Most plays didn?t survive, and smaller professions such jesters and mimes, began to take the scene, by providing entertainment solely to royalty. Then religious plays began to come back. This was the beginning of the era of Medieval European Theater. Only men were allowed to act on stage. Even girl parts were played by men. Some boys were castrated to prevent their voices from becoming lower just to make sure that they could play a female role. It seemed like it would?ve been easier to just have woman in shows, but women still didn?t have a lot of rights, and many people thought that it was unladylike to act and have a woman in a man?s occupation. Finally, in the late 1500?s, a man named Shakespeare came into popularity with his famous plays, the very plays that are still being performed to this very day.

Clockworks Orange :: Free Essays Online

Clockworks Orange In the 1960's our developing world faces many of it's impurities. The youth of this nation fight for equal right, equality of the races and freedom of speech. But not all the protests are legal. Many people are guilty of treason and must be punished but with an over crowded prison system were will these political prisoners be sent. The common criminals are flooding the system with there petty robbers, assaults and murders. We need to deal with the common criminal before we can deal with the political. The novel The Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess depicts the life of a child of the night (Alex). Him and his droogs (friends) see life as something worthless as they rape, assault and murder their way though their teenage-hood. To help cure this problem the government comes up with a new way a deal with criminals. This method included the relation between crime and physical pain. The method is first used on Alex when he was arrested. It works and he is released into society a violence free man. In the end Alex grows out of the treatment and goes back on a crime spree. He continues this until he grows out of teenage hood. The novel itself is well written, though it is a hard read. It contains over 200 Russian words that the reader must decipher themselves due to the fact that Anthony Burgess will not allow a glossary in any of his printings. The novel which is narrated by the man character pulls you into his life and shows the reader what goes through the mind of the criminally insane. The flow of the novel is easy to follow with little confusion on what is in each section. Many insights can be derived from this book and it can be used to support many different topics. A well rounded book that gives the reader wanting more. The power of youth is growing in the 60's. Teenager fight for their rights but when they have nothing more to fight for they will need something else to do. Most teens when bored turn to drug and crime as a source of pleasure. To deal with this me must stop it by sending the youth to correctional facilities. When these don't work adult punishments must be given. But what if we could trace back into the mind and find why we commit crimes.